1Understand the mechanisms of human genetic inheritance and variation. Understand and evaluate the molecular and cellular mechanisms governing meiosis, gametogenesis, genetic variation, and inheritance patterns (single-gene, maternal, imprinting, and sex determination) and their relevance to human disease and biomedical research.

2Define the genetic basis of inherited and complex diseases. Define and assess the molecular and genetic foundations of inherited disorders, including monogenic and polygenic diseases, and gene-environment interactions in complex diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer’s, and diabetes.

3Understand population genetics and genomic diversity principles to biomedical sciences. Utilize concepts such as the Hardy-Weinberg principle, linkage disequilibrium, and genomic diversity to study human ancestry, evolutionary forces, and their implications for disease susceptibility and precision medicine.

4Define the role of epigenetics and developmental genetics in disease mechanisms. Understand how epigenetic modifications and developmental genetic pathways influence disease onset, progression, and therapeutic interventions in biomedical research.

5Integrate principles of genetic counseling, screening, and ethical considerations into biomedical research and clinical practice. Develop an advanced understanding of genetic counseling, prenatal and population screening, and ethical challenges in human genomics, including privacy, genetic discrimination, and policy implications in biomedical research and healthcare.