1Understand the central components of Behaviorism, differentiate between classical and operant conditioning, and apply the theories to teaching and learning.

2Understand the central tenets of constructivism, identify a range of constructivist theories or perspectives, and distinguish constructivism from behaviorism.

3Understand the central components of theories of learning and development developed by Bandura, Piaget, and Vygotsky, and apply them to teaching and learning.

4Understand the roles of memory, expertise, transfer, conceptual change, meta-cognition, and self-regulated learning for student learning, and their implications for teaching.

5Identify the central characteristics of instructional scaffolding, and cooperative and collaborative learning, how they are associated with learning, and how they may be instantiated.

6Understand central tenets of sociocultural (or sociohistorical) and situated theories of learning and development and apply them to teaching and learning.

7Understand the central characteristics of inquiry (or project-based learning) and their affordances and limitations with respect to teaching and learning.

8Understand how policies (educational and otherwise), political priorities, beliefs, and national and international factors affect affordances for teaching and learning.